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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Python Grundlagen\n",
+ "- Dynamisch typisierte Sprache\n",
+ "- Statt geschweifter Klammern für Codeblöcke (Funktionen, Schleifen) wird Code mit vier Leerzeichen (pro Hierarchieebene) eingerückt\n",
+ "- Die meisten Editoren ersetzen Tab automatisch durch vier Leerzeichen\n",
+ "- Kommentare beginnen mit Raute #"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Grundlegende Datentypen\n",
+ "Zahlentypen (int/float) sind größtenteils äquivalent zu Java. Strings können mit doppelten oder einfachen Anführungszeichen deklariert werden."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "a = 2*2.0\n",
+ "b = 5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(a + b)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "a += 1\n",
+ "# a++ existiert nicht\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(a)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "2**4"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "2/4"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "text1 = 'Hallo '\n",
+ "text2 = \"Welt\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print (text1 + text2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Andere Datentypen müssen explizit in Strings konvertiert werden,\n",
+ "# wenn sie an einen String angehängt werden sollen.\n",
+ "print(text1 + str(1))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "float('1')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "float(1)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "*None* entspricht *null* in Java."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "myvar = None"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "print(myvar)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "if myvar is None:\n",
+ " print('x ist nicht definiert')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Listen\n",
+ "Listen werden mit eckigen Klammern oder list() initialisiert."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "l = [1,2,3,3]\n",
+ "l.append(4)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(l)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Vorsicht bei der Kombination von Listen. append hängt die übergebene Variable als einzelnen Listeneintrag an die Liste an."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "l.append([5, 6])\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(l)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Zur Kombination von zwei Listen wird der +-Operator verwendet."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "l2 = l + [5,6]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(l2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Mengen\n",
+ "Mengen können mit geschweiften Klammern oder set() initialisiert werden."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "s = {1,2,3,3}\n",
+ "s2 = set([2,3,4,5])\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(s)\n",
+ "print(s.intersection(s2))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "s.add(9)\n",
+ "s.remove(2)\n",
+ "s"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Mit list() und set() können die Typen auch ineinander konvertiert werden."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "list(s)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "set([1,2,3])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ranges\n",
+ "Auflistung von Zahlen, werden z.Bsp. für for-Schleifen mit Index verwendet."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "for i in range(5):\n",
+ " print(i)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Tupel\n",
+ "Für sortierete Werte mit fester Komponentenanzahl und fester Bedeutung für jeden Eintrag."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "essen = 'Chili'\n",
+ "preis = 2.51\n",
+ "boneintrag = (essen, preis)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(boneintrag)\n",
+ "print(boneintrag[0])\n",
+ "print(boneintrag[1])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "(essen2, preis2) = boneintrag\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(essen2)\n",
+ "print(preis2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Klammern können oft weggelassen werden"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "boneintrag = essen, preis\n",
+ "essen2, preis2 = boneintrag\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(boneintrag)\n",
+ "print(essen2)\n",
+ "print(preis2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Dictionaries\n",
+ "Äquivalent zu Maps."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "d = {'Chili': 1.90, 'Penne': 2.50}"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "d.keys()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "d.values()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "for key, val in d.items():\n",
+ " print('{}: {}'.format(key, val))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "d['Chili']"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "d['Burger'] = 4.90\n",
+ "d"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "del d['Burger']\n",
+ "d"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## If-Anweisungen"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "if 2>1 or 1>2:\n",
+ " print ('Bedingung erfüllt.')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "y = 10\n",
+ "x = 5 if y > 10 else 4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(x)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Schleifen"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 5\n",
+ "while x > 0:\n",
+ " x -= 1\n",
+ "x"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "for x in ['a', 'b', 'c']:\n",
+ " print(x)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Funktionen"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def sum_upto(n):\n",
+ " return n*(n+1)/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sum_upto(4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Zur besseren Übersicht (insbesondere bei vielen Parametern) können diese auch namentlich zugewiesen werden."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "sum_upto(n=4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Funktionen können *Default-Parameter* haben, d.h. Werte, die von der Funktion als Standardwert verwendet werden (wenn kein anderer Wert übergeben wird). Default-Parameter müssen am Ende der Funktion stehen und übergeben werden."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def fun_with_default(x=3):\n",
+ " print('Parameter is {}'.format(x))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "fun_with_default()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "fun_with_default(x=4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Funktionen können wie Variablen referenziert werden (Pointer auf die Funktion) und zum Beispiel als Parameter übergeben werden."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def calc_and_print(calc_function, n):\n",
+ " calc_result = calc_function(n)\n",
+ " print(calc_result)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "calc_and_print(sum_upto, 4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Lambda-Funktionen\n",
+ "I.d.R. für Inline-Funktionen. Können zum Beispiel an Funktionen als Parameter übergeben oder als Variable deklariert werden. Lambdas enthalten ein einzelnes Statement, dessen Wert automatisch der Rückgabewert ist."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "calc_square = lambda x: x**2\n",
+ "calc_square(3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "calc_and_print(calc_square, 4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "calc_and_print(lambda x: x**3, 4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## List Comprehensions"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "y = [x**2 for x in range(10)]\n",
+ "y"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "xy = [(x, x**2) for x in range(10) if x%2 == 0]\n",
+ "xy"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Klassen\n",
+ "Objekte einer Klasse bekommen bei Methodenaufrufen als ersten Parameter automatisch das *\"self\"*-Objekt übergeben (vgl. *this* in Java). Dieser Parameter muss also immer auch als erster Parameter einer Klassenmethode übergeben werden. "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Vehicle():\n",
+ " # Constructor\n",
+ " def __init__(self, n_wheels=4, noise='beep'):\n",
+ " self.n_wheels = n_wheels\n",
+ " self.noise = noise\n",
+ " \n",
+ " def make_noise(self):\n",
+ " print(self.noise)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "basicVehicle = Vehicle()\n",
+ "basicVehicle.make_noise()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Properties sind immer von außen sichtbar und lassen sich verändern. Properties, die nicht zur Veränderung gedacht sind, werden nach Konvention durch zwei Unterstriche im Namen gekennzeichnet."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "basicVehicle.n_wheels"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Vererbung ist in Python möglich. In der Regel wird aber Duck-Typing verwendet. \n",
+ "\n",
+ "“When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck.â€"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "bike = Vehicle(n_wheels=2, noise='ring')\n",
+ "bike.make_noise()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Bike(Vehicle):\n",
+ " def __init__(self):\n",
+ " self.n_wheels = 2\n",
+ " self.noise = 'ring'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "Bike().make_noise()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Jupyter Notebook Grundlagen\n",
+ "- Notebook besteht aus Zellen\n",
+ "- Unter der Zelle wird der Rückgabewert des letzten Statements ausgegeben\n",
+ "- Quellcode kann auf mehrere Zellen aufgeteilt werden (Variablen behalten ihre Gültigkeit/Sichtbarkeit)\n",
+ "- Variablen sind auch nach dem Löschen von Zellen weiter sichtbar. Um den Speicher zu bereinigen *Kernel -> Restart*"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Shortcuts\n",
+ "Ãœbersicht: *Help -> Keyboard Shortcuts*\n",
+ "- *Enter*: Editiermodus für selektierte Zelle (grün)\n",
+ "- *Esc*: Editiermodus verlassen/Kommandomodus (blau)\n",
+ "- *Shift+Strg*: Selektierte Zelle ausführen\n",
+ "- *Shift+Enter*: Selektierte Zelle ausführen und in nächste Zelle springen\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im Editiermodus:\n",
+ "- Tab: Autocomplete oder Einrücken\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im Kommandomodus:\n",
+ "- *B*: Zelle darunter einfügen\n",
+ "- *A*: Zelle darüber einfügen\n",
+ "- *DD*: Zelle löschen\n",
+ "- *M*: Zelltyp Markdown (für formatierte beschreibende Texte)\n",
+ "- *Y*: Zelltyp Code (Default)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "language_info": {
+ "name": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}